Military applications of hydrogen are gaining traction due to their potential to enhance energy security, reduce logistical burdens, and lower emissions in defense operations. Demand projections for hydrogen in military use are influenced by technological advancements, operational requirements, and government procurement strategies. Key areas of focus include forward operating bases (FOBs), naval propulsion, and unmanned systems, where hydrogen’s high energy density and versatility offer strategic advantages.

Forward operating bases often rely on diesel generators for power, which require frequent fuel resupply convoys that are vulnerable to attack. Hydrogen-powered fuel cells present a viable alternative, offering silent operation, reduced thermal signatures, and lower maintenance needs. The U.S. Department of Defense has tested fuel cell systems in FOBs, demonstrating their ability to integrate with renewable energy sources like solar panels to create hybrid microgrids. Projections indicate that by 2030, hydrogen-based systems could replace up to 20% of diesel generators in remote military installations, contingent on improvements in hydrogen storage and distribution logistics.

Naval propulsion is another critical area where hydrogen demand is expected to rise. Submarines and surface vessels are exploring hydrogen fuel cells and combustion technologies to extend mission range and reduce acoustic detection. Several navies, including those of Germany and South Korea, have already deployed fuel cell-powered submarines, leveraging hydrogen’s ability to provide long-endurance, zero-emission propulsion. The U.S. Navy has investigated hydrogen-combustion turbines for next-generation ships, though challenges remain in scaling storage solutions for large vessels. Demand projections suggest that hydrogen could account for 10-15% of naval fuel consumption by 2040, assuming advancements in cryogenic storage and ammonia-based hydrogen carriers.

Unmanned systems, including drones and unmanned underwater vehicles (UUVs), are increasingly adopting hydrogen fuel cells for extended operational endurance. Hydrogen’s energy density is nearly three times that of conventional aviation fuels, making it ideal for long-endurance reconnaissance missions. The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) has funded projects to develop liquid hydrogen-powered high-altitude drones capable of weeks-long flights. Projections estimate that hydrogen-powered unmanned systems could comprise 30% of the military drone market by 2035, driven by the need for persistent surveillance capabilities.

Security considerations heavily influence hydrogen adoption in military applications. The flammability of hydrogen necessitates stringent safety protocols for storage and handling, particularly in combat zones. Leak detection systems, explosion-proof enclosures, and reinforced storage tanks are critical to mitigating risks. Additionally, hydrogen production at or near deployment sites reduces reliance on vulnerable supply chains. The U.S. Army has explored modular electrolysis units powered by renewable energy to produce hydrogen on-demand, minimizing transportation hazards.

Logistical challenges remain a significant barrier to widespread military hydrogen use. Transporting compressed or liquid hydrogen to remote locations requires specialized infrastructure, which may not be feasible in austere environments. To address this, research is focused on chemical hydrides and liquid organic hydrogen carriers (LOHCs), which offer safer, denser storage options. The UK Ministry of Defence has tested LOHC-based systems for field applications, demonstrating the potential to simplify supply chains.

Government procurement trends reflect growing interest in hydrogen technologies for defense. The U.S. Department of Defense has increased funding for hydrogen-related research and development, with a focus on scalable solutions for operational use. NATO has also identified hydrogen as a key component of its energy transition strategy, encouraging member states to invest in military applications. Procurement projections indicate a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 8-12% for hydrogen systems in defense over the next decade, driven by policy mandates and operational requirements.

In summary, hydrogen demand in military applications is poised for steady growth, supported by advancements in fuel cell technology, storage solutions, and government initiatives. While challenges in logistics and security persist, the strategic benefits of hydrogen—ranging from enhanced energy resilience to reduced emissions—make it a critical component of future defense energy systems. Projections suggest that hydrogen will play an increasingly prominent role in powering forward bases, naval vessels, and unmanned systems over the next two decades.