The global expansion of hydrogen as a clean energy carrier involves extensive transport infrastructure, including shipping routes for liquid hydrogen or hydrogen-derived ammonia, as well as pipeline networks. While these systems are critical for a low-carbon economy, they also pose ecological risks, particularly the potential introduction of invasive species through transport and construction activities. Invasive species can disrupt native biodiversity, alter ecosystem functions, and incur significant economic costs for mitigation. Understanding these risks and implementing robust prevention strategies is essential to ensure hydrogen infrastructure development does not inadvertently harm ecosystems.

One of the primary vectors for invasive species introduction is maritime shipping, which will play a key role in the global hydrogen supply chain. Liquid hydrogen (LH2) and ammonia (NH3) transport require specialized vessels, and these ships may inadvertently carry non-native organisms through ballast water or hull fouling. Ballast water, used to stabilize vessels, often contains aquatic organisms that can establish themselves in new environments when discharged. Similarly, biofouling—the accumulation of microorganisms, algae, or invertebrates on ship hulls—can introduce invasive species when ships transit between ports.

Pipeline construction, particularly for hydrogen transport, also presents ecological risks. Excavation and land disturbance can facilitate the spread of invasive plant species through contaminated equipment or soil movement. Construction vehicles and machinery may carry seeds or soil-borne pathogens from one region to another, particularly in ecologically sensitive areas.

Certain ecosystems are more vulnerable to invasive species introductions due to their ecological characteristics or proximity to transport hubs. Coastal regions, estuaries, and freshwater systems near ports are at high risk due to frequent ship traffic. Islands and isolated habitats with high endemism are particularly susceptible, as their native species often lack defenses against invasive competitors or predators. Additionally, Arctic and sub-Arctic regions, where hydrogen infrastructure may expand due to renewable energy potential, face heightened risks due to the fragility of polar ecosystems and increasing maritime activity.

Preventing invasive species introductions requires a multi-layered approach, combining regulatory measures, technological solutions, and operational best practices. For maritime transport, the International Maritime Organization’s (IMO) Ballast Water Management Convention sets standards for ballast water treatment, requiring ships to install systems that eliminate or neutralize organisms before discharge. These systems may use filtration, ultraviolet radiation, or chemical treatments to ensure ballast water is non-viable for invasive species.

Hull fouling can be mitigated through regular cleaning and anti-fouling coatings. Some jurisdictions mandate hull inspections and cleaning before entering sensitive marine areas. Emerging technologies, such as robotic hull-cleaning drones, offer a way to reduce biofouling without releasing harmful biocides into the water. Additionally, shipping operators can adopt route planning strategies to minimize ballast water discharge in high-risk zones.

For pipeline construction, biosecurity protocols should include equipment cleaning procedures to remove soil and plant material before moving between sites. Construction crews can be trained to recognize and report invasive species, while post-construction monitoring can detect early infestations. Revegetation efforts using native species can also help prevent invasive plants from colonizing disturbed land.

Monitoring programs are critical for early detection and rapid response to invasive species threats. Port authorities and pipeline operators can collaborate with ecological researchers to conduct regular surveys of high-risk areas. Environmental DNA (eDNA) sampling is an emerging tool that allows for the detection of invasive species at low concentrations by analyzing genetic material in water or soil samples. Remote sensing and citizen science initiatives can further enhance surveillance efforts.

International cooperation is necessary to harmonize biosecurity standards across hydrogen transport routes. Regional agreements, such as those governing the Great Lakes or the Baltic Sea, provide models for collaborative invasive species management. Hydrogen industry stakeholders should integrate biosecurity considerations into sustainability certifications and supply chain audits to ensure compliance with best practices.

While hydrogen transport infrastructure is essential for decarbonization, its ecological risks must be proactively managed. By implementing stringent biosecurity measures, adopting advanced monitoring technologies, and fostering cross-border collaboration, the hydrogen sector can minimize the threat of invasive species and protect vulnerable ecosystems. This approach ensures that the transition to a hydrogen economy aligns with broader environmental conservation goals.