Hydrogen is emerging as a viable energy carrier for offshore support vessels (OSVs), serving both the oil and gas industry and offshore wind farms. These vessels perform critical roles, including crew transfers, equipment supply, and dynamic positioning (DP) operations, where energy efficiency and emissions reduction are increasingly prioritized. Unlike deep-sea shipping, OSVs operate in specialized niches with distinct power demands, requiring reliable and adaptable propulsion systems. Hydrogen, particularly in fuel cell hybrid configurations, offers a pathway to decarbonize these operations while meeting stringent operational requirements.

Offshore support vessels rely heavily on dynamic positioning systems to maintain precise locations during operations such as drilling support, cable laying, or turbine maintenance. DP systems demand constant power to counteract wind, waves, and currents, traditionally supplied by diesel generators. However, hydrogen fuel cells present a cleaner alternative, providing steady power with minimal emissions. Fuel cells can integrate with battery storage to handle peak loads, reducing the need for continuously running diesel engines. This hybrid approach improves efficiency and cuts greenhouse gas emissions, aligning with stricter environmental regulations in offshore sectors.

Power demands for OSVs vary significantly based on their roles. Platform supply vessels (PSVs) and anchor handling tug supply (AHTS) vessels require high power for towing and heavy lifting, while crew transfer vessels (CTVs) prioritize speed and maneuverability. Hydrogen fuel cells can be scaled to meet these diverse needs. For instance, low-power applications may use proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells, whereas high-power scenarios could employ solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) or hybrid systems combining fuel cells with batteries or conventional engines. The modular nature of fuel cells allows customization, ensuring optimal performance across different vessel types.

Hybrid hydrogen systems are particularly advantageous for OSVs due to their ability to balance energy storage and power output. Batteries can manage rapid load changes, while fuel cells provide sustained energy, extending operational range. This setup is especially beneficial for vessels serving offshore wind farms, where long durations at sea and frequent maneuvering are common. By reducing reliance on diesel, operators can lower fuel costs and decrease exposure to volatile oil prices, while also complying with emissions control areas (ECAs) and future carbon pricing mechanisms.

The Hydrocat 48 is a pioneering example of hydrogen adoption in OSVs. Developed as a crew transfer vessel for offshore wind farms, it features a hybrid hydrogen-diesel propulsion system. The vessel uses PEM fuel cells alongside batteries and diesel generators, enabling zero-emission operations during standby or low-power modes. With a hydrogen storage capacity sufficient for multiple days of operation, the Hydrocat 48 demonstrates the feasibility of hydrogen in real-world offshore conditions. Its design addresses key challenges such as fuel storage space, safety protocols, and integration with existing maritime infrastructure.

Safety is a paramount concern for hydrogen-powered OSVs. Hydrogen’s high flammability and low ignition energy necessitate robust storage and handling measures. Type IV composite tanks, which are lightweight and corrosion-resistant, are often used to store compressed hydrogen. Leak detection systems, ventilation, and redundant safety valves mitigate risks, ensuring compliance with classification society standards such as DNV GL or ABS. These measures are critical in the offshore environment, where vessels operate in harsh conditions and emergency response options are limited.

Operational niche requirements further differentiate OSVs from deep-sea shipping. Offshore vessels frequently operate near sensitive marine ecosystems or in close proximity to infrastructure like wind turbines and oil platforms. Emissions reduction is not just a regulatory issue but also a reputational one, as operators face pressure from stakeholders to adopt cleaner technologies. Hydrogen’s zero-emission profile at the point of use makes it an attractive option, particularly in regions with ambitious decarbonization targets.

Another key consideration is the availability of hydrogen bunkering infrastructure. Unlike large ports serving deep-sea vessels, offshore support bases often lack hydrogen refueling facilities. This gap necessitates investments in localized production or transport solutions, such as containerized hydrogen delivery or onboard reforming systems. Projects like the Hydrocat 48 rely on partnerships with hydrogen suppliers to ensure a consistent fuel supply, highlighting the need for collaborative approaches to infrastructure development.

Hydrogen’s role in OSVs also extends to auxiliary power systems. Many vessels use diesel generators to power onboard equipment, from cranes to accommodation systems. Fuel cells can replace or supplement these generators, reducing noise and vibration—a significant benefit for crew comfort and operational efficiency. In DP operations, where precision is critical, the steady power output of fuel cells enhances system reliability compared to traditional engines.

The economic case for hydrogen in OSVs is evolving. While upfront costs for fuel cells and storage systems remain high, total cost of ownership analyses increasingly favor hydrogen as fuel prices and carbon taxes rise. Operational savings from reduced maintenance and longer engine life further improve the business case. Government incentives, such as grants for clean maritime projects, are accelerating adoption, particularly in Europe and Asia where offshore wind expansion is driving demand for low-carbon support vessels.

Looking ahead, advancements in hydrogen production and storage will further enhance its suitability for OSVs. Green hydrogen, produced via renewable-powered electrolysis, could eliminate upstream emissions, making the entire fuel cycle carbon-neutral. Innovations in liquid organic hydrogen carriers (LOHCs) or ammonia as a hydrogen vector may offer alternative storage solutions, addressing volumetric efficiency challenges. As these technologies mature, hydrogen’s role in offshore operations is poised to expand, supporting the maritime industry’s transition to sustainable energy.

In summary, hydrogen offers a promising solution for decarbonizing offshore support vessels, balancing the demands of dynamic positioning, variable power needs, and stringent safety requirements. Projects like the Hydrocat 48 demonstrate the technical feasibility of hydrogen hybrid systems, while operational and regulatory trends underscore the growing economic viability. As infrastructure and technology continue to develop, hydrogen-powered OSVs will play an increasingly vital role in the sustainable future of offshore energy operations.