Circular economy models

Closed-loop battery material recovery systems

Battery-as-a-service (BaaS) business models

Design for disassembly in battery manufacturing

Second-life battery applications and markets

Extended producer responsibility (EPR) schemes for batteries

Digital product passports for battery traceability

Urban mining for battery materials

Chemical leasing models for battery materials

Industrial symbiosis in battery ecosystems

Standardization of recycled battery materials