Pyrometallurgical processes

High-temperature smelting for battery metal recovery

Rotary kiln processing of battery materials

Plasma arc treatment of battery waste

Carbothermic reduction in battery metal recovery

Slag chemistry in pyrometallurgical recycling

Off-gas treatment in battery smelting

Pre-treatment requirements for pyrometallurgy

Metal alloy formation in battery smelting

Energy efficiency in pyrometallurgical plants

Lithium behavior in pyrometallurgical systems

Industrial-scale battery smelting operations

Refining of pyrometallurgical battery metals