Charge/discharge principles

Electrochemical reactions during battery charging

Discharge mechanisms and energy release

Charge/discharge efficiency and Coulombic efficiency

Voltage hysteresis in charge/discharge cycles

Depth of Discharge (DoD) principles

Charge acceptance and polarization effects

Open-circuit voltage vs. working voltage

Charge/discharge curve interpretation

Overcharge and overdischarge protection mechanisms

Charge redistribution phenomena

Thermodynamic limits of charge/discharge

Charge/discharge asymmetry in batteries