State of Charge (SOC) Estimation Algorithms

Coulomb Counting (Ah Counting) Method

Voltage-Based SOC Estimation

Kalman Filter for SOC Estimation

Machine Learning-Based SOC Estimation

Impedance Spectroscopy for SOC Estimation

Adaptive SOC Estimation Algorithms

Hybrid SOC Estimation Methods

SOC Estimation for Fast-Charging Conditions

SOC Estimation in Low-Temperature Environments

SOC Estimation for Second-Life Batteries

Particle Filter for SOC Estimation

SOC Estimation for Solid-State Batteries