Battery fires on ships present a unique set of challenges due to the confined and isolated nature of maritime environments, the presence of sensitive electrical systems, and the limitations of traditional firefighting methods. Unlike land-based incidents, shipboard battery fires require specialized protocols that account for the risks of thermal runaway, toxic gas emissions, and the potential for rapid escalation in enclosed spaces. Key considerations include the limitations of seawater use, confined space entry procedures, and coordination with coast guard authorities. International regulations such as the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) provide guidelines, but real-world incidents, particularly involving hybrid ferries, highlight the complexities of managing such emergencies.

One of the primary challenges in addressing battery fires on ships is the incompatibility of seawater with lithium-ion batteries. While seawater is often the most readily available extinguishing agent onboard, its use can exacerbate thermal runaway in lithium-ion cells. The electrical conductivity of seawater creates short-circuit risks, and the reaction between lithium and water produces hydrogen gas, which is highly flammable. Traditional firefighting methods such as CO2 or dry chemical agents may also be insufficient, as they do not effectively cool the battery cells to prevent re-ignition. Instead, large quantities of water are often necessary, but this poses additional risks, including flooding and stability issues for the vessel. SOLAS regulations emphasize the need for crew training in alternative suppression techniques, such as flooding the battery compartment with copious amounts of water while ensuring proper drainage to avoid compromising the ship's buoyancy.

Confined space entry is another critical challenge. Battery compartments on ships are often located in areas with limited access, making it difficult for responders to approach the fire without exposure to toxic fumes, such as hydrogen fluoride, or the risk of explosion. Thermal runaway can cause temperatures to exceed 800°C, creating a hazardous environment for personnel. SOLAS Chapter II-2 mandates that ships carrying large battery systems must have designated ventilation systems to disperse hazardous gases, but these may not be sufficient during an active fire. Crews must follow strict confined space entry protocols, including the use of self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA), thermal imaging cameras, and gas detectors. Hybrid ferry incidents have demonstrated that delayed or improper entry can lead to prolonged fires and increased damage.

Coordination with coast guard and emergency response teams is essential for mitigating battery fires at sea. Unlike land-based incidents, maritime fires often occur far from immediate professional assistance, requiring crews to manage the initial response while awaiting external support. SOLAS requires ships to carry emergency response plans specifically for battery-related incidents, including communication protocols for reporting the fire’s location, battery type, and thermal runaway status. Coast guard teams may need to deploy specialized equipment, such as battery fire containment units or remote cooling systems, but their response time can be a limiting factor. Incidents involving hybrid ferries have shown that pre-established coordination between ship operators and local authorities reduces confusion and improves outcomes.

Real-world examples underscore these challenges. In one incident involving a hybrid ferry, a battery module failure led to thermal runaway, which spread rapidly due to the ship’s confined electrical room. The crew initially attempted to use portable extinguishers, but the fire reignited multiple times. By the time coast guard teams arrived, the vessel had sustained significant damage. Post-incident analysis revealed gaps in crew training regarding battery-specific firefighting techniques and a lack of clear communication with shore-based responders. Another case highlighted the dangers of toxic gas buildup, where responders were forced to evacuate due to hydrogen fluoride exposure, delaying suppression efforts.

SOLAS regulations continue to evolve in response to these incidents. Amendments now require risk assessments for ships using large battery systems, including detailed fire suppression plans and crew drills tailored to lithium-ion hazards. The International Maritime Organization (IMO) has also introduced guidelines for the safe carriage of batteries, emphasizing the need for thermal monitoring systems and battery compartment isolation mechanisms. However, compliance varies, and smaller vessels, such as hybrid ferries, may lack the resources to implement all recommended measures.

The increasing adoption of battery-powered and hybrid ships necessitates ongoing improvements in fire safety protocols. Research into alternative extinguishing agents, such as aerosol suppressants or specialized cooling gels, may offer more effective solutions than water-based methods. Enhanced training programs for crews, focusing on early detection and containment of battery fires, are critical. Additionally, advancements in remote monitoring technology could enable real-time data sharing with coast guard teams, improving response coordination.

Battery fires on ships remain a complex and high-stakes challenge, requiring a multifaceted approach that balances immediate suppression needs with long-term safety measures. The lessons learned from hybrid ferry incidents and the framework provided by SOLAS regulations serve as a foundation, but continuous innovation and collaboration across the maritime industry are essential to mitigate risks effectively.

The unique conditions of maritime operations demand protocols that address the limitations of traditional firefighting methods while accounting for the specific hazards of lithium-ion batteries. From the risks of seawater use to the complexities of confined space entry and coast guard coordination, effective management of battery fires on ships hinges on preparedness, technological adaptation, and regulatory compliance. As battery-powered vessels become more prevalent, the industry must prioritize safety advancements to protect both crew and infrastructure.